Elevated levels of B-type natriuretic peptides (BNP) and the biologically inactive N-terminal prohormone of BNP (NT-proBNP) are associated with heart failure and mortality in both PWH and the general population [4–7], and current guidelines from both the European Society of Cardiology and the American Heart Association recommend measurement of BNP/NT-proBNP for both diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure [8, 9]. This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and heart failure.