INSR and hyperinsulinism: These include hyperinsulinemia, which leads to competition between insulin-degrading enzyme and Aβ, reducing Aβ brain clearance; binding of Aβ oligomers to the insulin receptors, causing impairment of the insulin signaling pathways; and downregulation and internalization of insulin receptors due to Aβ oligomers binding (Zhao et al., 2008; Di Carlo et al., 2012; Ng and Chan, 2017).