GSAP and lung carcinoma: For instance, the lower level of circRNA0001859 in serum can be used to identify patients with lung cancer from COPD patients.[17] Low plasma circRNA-gamma-secretase-activating protein (circGSAP) levels might be a promising diagnostic and prognostic indicator for COPD-pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).[22] Serum miR-1233 and miR-134 both have higher diagnostic accuracy for AECOPD with acute pulmonary embolism (APE) than D dimers.[23] In addition, the role of certain ncRNAs in indicating COPD comorbidities is unspecified and paradoxical.