Among them, five interactions are currently targeted by approved therapies (VEGF and its receptors),55 have been already tested in ccRCC (interactions involving EGFR, EDN1/EDNRA)25,56 or are currently investigated in clinical trials (such as CD70/CD27 in NCT05420519 and NCT04696731).57 This evidence concerns the gene EDN1 and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.