INS and Insulin resistance: An animal experiment by Rabah et al. (2023) showed that in a polycystic ovary syndrome-insulin resistance (PCOS-IR) rat model, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) can enhance insulin sensitivity by modulating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway and activating kinases such as Akt in the insulin signaling cascade to trigger insulin-like effects.