Some of these changes may be functionally relevant for addiction-related behaviors, as it has been demonstrated that pharmacological blockade of CXCR4 attenuates the conditioned rewarding effects of MDPV (Oliver et al., 2018), and blockade of CXCR4, CCR5, or IL-17A signaling attenuates MDPV-induced alterations in anxiety-like behaviors (Simmons et al., 2022; Inan et al., 2023). The gene discussed is CXCR4; the disease is Anxiety.