The master regulator of the hypoxic adaptive response is mediated, at least in part, by the transcriptional factor HIF, which consists of constitutively expressed β-subunit (HIFβ) and inducible α-subunits (e.g. HIF1, 2, or 3α) that are frequently upregulated in MM patients (25). The gene discussed is HIF1A; the disease is Miyoshi myopathy.