In another phase II RCT, spartalizumab (PD-1 inhibitor) compared to chemotherapy had lower median PFS (1.6 months, P=0.915), longer OS (25.2 months, 95% CI, 13.1–not estimable) and longer duration of response (10.2 months, 95% CI, 7.4–NE) in patients with NPC who progressed on or after platinum-based chemotherapy (23). Here, PDCD1 is linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma.