DKK3 was previously shown to bind to Cytoskeleton-Associated Protein 4 (CKAP4) on esophageal cancer cells (39), and DKK3 and CKAP4 were found to be required for the phosphorylation of the Akt serine/threonine kinase in HNSCC cell lines (40). This evidence concerns the gene DKK3 and esophageal cancer.