TNF and cardiovascular disorder: In our study, plasma biomarkers were selected based on their reported association with inflammation (sTNFR-II, sTNFR-I, sCD25, TNFa, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1a, IL-1b, IL17A (Th17), IL-22 (Th17)) (34), cardiovascular disease (ICAM-I, VCAM-I, hsCRP), co-morbidities (IL-6, VCAM-I, ICAM-I, sTNFR-II, and sTNFR-I), monocyte activation and microbial translocation (sCD14, sCD163, iFABP, D-dimer, LBP) (32), HIV disease progression (MCP1/CCL2, sCD14) and mortality (sCD14) in the context of HIV.