INS and diabetes mellitus: Autophagy can oversee the proliferation and size of pancreatic β-cells (446), may limit insulin resistance during inflammation with high serum lipids in obesity models of autophagy Atg7 gene deletion (447), may prevent diabetic nephropathy with maintenance of Atg7, Atg5, and LC3 autophagy proteins (448), and can prevent DM progression through promoting β-cell function and eliminating misfolded proteins and dysfunctional mitochondria (449).