HK2 and rheumatoid arthritis: After OSM treatment, the ECAR/OCR ratio in RA-FLS cells increased, and OSM induced the expression of glucose transporters (GLUT)-1, hexokinase 2 (HK2), 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α in RA-FLS, indicating that OSM promotes glycolytic metabolism in RA-FLS (65).