TNF and neoplasm: Finally, we can say that the mechanism of CA-MSCs is probably causing tumor cell proliferation by different factors, including angiogenic factors (βFGF, HIF-1α, and VEGF) (152); Chemokines (CCL5, CCL2, CXCL12, and CCL22) (156); growth factors (PDGF, SCF, HGF, IGF-1E, and GF) (157) and inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β, TNFα, IL-8, and IL-1β).