Self-efficacy in administering insulin injections is mainly predictedby insulin injection skills, knowledge of diabetes and insulin injection, education level,and illness duration (Huang et al. 2021).Ultimately, self-injectable diabetes treatment often presents various challenges, such asphysical fear of injections, erroneous beliefs about insulin, socioeconomic concerns leadingto the reuse of needles, and concerns about side effects (Liu et al. 2022:3). Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.