BRAF and cutaneous melanoma: Furthermore, cutaneous melanoma is characterised by mutations that activate the v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF), neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS), tyrosine-protein kinase (KIT) and phosphatidyinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) pathways, whereas UM is unrelated to these mutations.