More than half of the genes that are associated with the BMP signaling pathway, including growth/differentiation factor-5 (gdf5), suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic 6a (smad6a), gremlin 2a (grem2a), BMP5, BMP7b, BMP2b, sclerostin (sost), BMP4, tgfb2l, BMP7a, and repulsive guidance molecule BMP co-receptor a (rgma) were likewise downregulated in melanoma, while not being significantly regulated or upregulated in 1 dpa and 7 dpa (Figure 6C). This evidence concerns the gene GDF5 and melanoma.