HIF1A and familial pancreatic carcinoma: For instance, hypoxic conditions elevate the levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α), which, when present in sufficient quantities, activates HH signaling in pancreatic cancer cells, thereby promoting epithelial–mesenchymal transition and invasion (Jarosz-Biej et al., 2019; Zhao et al., 2021; Taeb et al., 2022).