Furthermore, we did not include FDG-PET, Aβmarkers, and APOE genotype in this work, so the true extent of AD pathology remains unknown.Additionally, the exploration of multimodal data encompassing neuropsychological tests, structural, and functional neuroimaging data, genetic information, and other relevant biological indicators will be undertaken in future research to provide a multifaceted understanding of the pathophysiology of MCI and AD. Here, APOE is linked to Alzheimer disease.