NGB and dementia: Sun et al. (2001) provided evidence, subsequently confirmed (Fiocchetti et al., 2017), that neuroglobin is upregulated by hypoxia and acts to mitigate the damage caused to neurones by the hypoxia. They went on to show (Sun et al., 2013) that neuroglobin levels are higher in early- and mid-stage dementia, falling in severe disease. This upregulation gives support to the view that hypoxia occurs early in the pathogenesis of some dementias, caused—many argue—by small haemorrhages (Cullen et al., 2005; Stone, 2008; Stone et al., 2015).