The results showed that higher NRI and PNI levels were independently linked to lower prevalence of DR, and malnutrition, as measured by GLIM criteria, NRI, or PNI, was independently linked to the presence of DR after adjusting for covariates such as age, gender, BMI, smoking, low education, duration of diabetes, hypertension, LDL-C, hs-CRP, anemia, DPN, DN, ASCVD, OAD, insulin, and ACEI/ARB. Here, INS is linked to anemia (phenotype).