TLR3 and BK-virus nephropathy: Ribeiro et al., found that the inflammasome activator TLR-3 was upregulated in the tubule-interstitial allograft compartment of patients with polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PVAN) along with IL-1β and IL-18 compared with acute rejection and pre-transplant donor biopsies (controls) (120, 121).