Genes that were upregulated following TNF treatment in the tan module also included a large panel of ISGs, such as, among others, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI27, OAS1/2/3/L, MX1/2, and IFITM1 (Fig. 3Ciii), and, correspondingly, GO analysis revealed a highly significant overrepresentation of terms related to response to IFN and viral infection (Fig. 3Civ, Supplemental Table III). Here, TNF is linked to viral infectious disease.