CR3-mediated entry has been shown to alter bacterial fate differently for different pathogens: in Porphyromonas gingivalis infection (both in vitro and in vivo), it promotes bacterial survival and virulence (23, 26, 27); conversely, in both in vitro and in vivo infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis, intracellular survival remains unaffected by CR3 (28, –, 30). The gene discussed is CRIPTO3; the disease is infection.