PTPA and neoplasm: The expressed cytokines could further contribute to the tumor microenvironment between macrophages and PDAC cells by repressing PP2A in PDAC cells.49,50 PP2A protein dephosphorylates and inactivates the IKK complex keeping NF-κB activation in check, hence the repression of PP2A leads to uninhibited activation of NF-κB in PDAC cells.