In this study, genes associated with CKD-PEW for which expression profile data were obtained included: CRP, IL6, TNF, IL1B, CXCL8, IL12B, IL12A, IL18, IL1A, IL4, IL10, TGFB2, TGFB1, TGFB3, ADIPOQ, NAMPT, RETN, RETNLB, LEP, CD163, ICAM1, VCAM1, SELE, NF-κB1, NF-κB2, a total of 25 genes (Table 2). Here, IL1A is linked to chronic kidney disease.