ANPEP and ulcer disease: In this study, we not only obtained large amounts of EV-derived NGR-NPs@MFGE8 to treat PU but also analyzed the role of hypoxia in PU formation to identify a new mechanism of PU healing, that is, EV-derived NGR-NPs@MFGE8 targeting CD13 of VECs, inhibited ferroptosis of VECs induced by hypoxia and promoted ulcer healing.