Of particular note, the GDF15, which emerged as a robust predictor across all 14 categories of disorders and all-cause mortality and even ranked first among different causes of death and seven specific diseases, namely bacterial infections, anemia, mood disorders, arrhythmias, heart failure, inflammatory bowel disease, and renal failure (Fig. 4a, Supplementary Data 9). Here, GDF15 is linked to cardiac arrhythmia.