TNF and cancer: The GSEA analysis of cancer hallmarks revealed that the estrogen response and oxidative phosphorylation hallmarks were overrepresented in the upregulated proteins, and that apoptosis, EMT, TNFA signaling via NF-κB, and other pathways were overrepresented in the downregulated proteins in EOC (Fig. 2d), which indicated that the proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells may be promoted through aberrant proteins and pathways.