ELAVL3 and Familial prostate cancer: To assess the protein expression of ELAVL3 in neuroendocrine prostate cancer, we performed immunohistochemical staining using samples from our cohort of 196 patients with prostate cancer, including benign prostate tissues (n = 15), hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (n = 144), castration-resistant prostate adenocarcinoma (n = 15), and neuroendocrine prostate cancer (n = 22) (Fig. 1c; Supplementary Table 1).