IGF1R and cancer: Moreover, raloxifene interacts with several cell membrane receptors, such as Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor (IGF-1R) and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), and stimulates the effector molecules, including Src, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K), serine/threonine-protein kinase (Akt), and Mitogen-aActivated Protein Kinase (MAPK), leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation and cancer.34