IL9 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: This was more pronounced under conditions of high-fat medium and LPS stimulation, with higher expression levels of several cytokines/growth factors, including IL-6, IL-9, IFNγ, and PDGF-BB.49 Using human pluripotent stem cells-derived multicellular liver cultures, a very recent study linked PNPLA3-I148M to increased signaling through IL-6/STAT3, leading to a higher susceptibility to NAFLD phenotypes under lipotoxic conditions.50