A significant increase in the production of crucial proinflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-17A, was also observed in iOMV-treated splenocytes, suggesting that the vesicles elicit a robust immune response that is essential in protecting against bacterial infection (20) and that the responses of Th1 and Th17 are critical for the clearance of bacterial pathogens (36). The gene discussed is IFNG; the disease is bacterial infectious disease.