Strong glycolysis coupled with high lactate production and mitochondrial shutdown is also characteristic of hypoxia, through transcriptional regulation by HIF-1α of key regulators of these three processes, and has been observed in dysfunctional endothelial cells associated with atherosclerosis and vascular diseases (Fitzgerald et al., 2018; Theodorou and Boon, 2018). This evidence concerns the gene HIF1A and atherosclerosis.