INS and familial dilated cardiomyopathy: Oxidative stress is characterized by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses.[27] ROS overproduction damages cell membranes and essential biomolecules, including lipids, proteins, and DNA, and is associated with reduced insulin secretion and insulin resistance.[27] In T1D, oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the destruction of insulin beta cells due to inflammatory cytokines and autoimmune responses.[28] The pivotal role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of DCM has been demonstrated in numerous studies.