Vitamin D has been found to contribute to the alleviation of DCM by reducing O-GlcNAc mediated by the hexosamine pathway.[17] Interestingly, exercise has been shown to significantly enhance O-GlcNAc in the diabetic heart and subsequently reduce the level of the mSin3A/HDAC1/2 transcription factor complex, suggesting the complex function of O-GlcNAc in diabetic cardiac health.[150] In conclusion, targeting Gln-regulated signaling pathways and biological processes holds promise for effectively improving DCM. The gene discussed is HDAC1; the disease is familial dilated cardiomyopathy.