These clinical and preclinical findings support the role of PDGFRA gene alterations and downstream multiple signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway, in promoting progression of not only IDH1-mutant, but also IDH2-mutant astrocytoma. Here, PDGFRA is linked to astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).