TLR4 and gastroenteritis: The results indicated that inhibitors of TLR-4 receptors and NF-κB pathway significantly impeded the larval invasion of gut epithelium, and further suggested that rTsgal binding to TLR-4 in gut epithelium activated NF-κB p65 pathway, mediated larval invasion of gut mucosa, promoted the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β and IL-6) and resulted intestinal inflammation.