As most of this data was observational, and added to the fact that clinical trials with the monoclonal antibody tocilizumab targeting the IL-6 pathway in IPF have increased the risk of non-infectious pulmonary complications [90], it is important to further assess the nuanced spatio-temporal mechanisms of crosstalk with immune-epithelial-fibroblast triculture systems that improves on the models described in this review to reveal novel therapeutic targets. This evidence concerns the gene IL6 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.