TNF and congenital rubella syndrome: Studies have shown that oral administration of GRb1 alleviates depressive-like behavior in CRS model mice, which may be due to the reduction of hippocampus protein expression of IL-1β, TNF-α and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 by increasing the brain-derived neurotrophic factor and phosphorylated protein kinase B/protein kinase B (p-AKT/AKT) protein expression and reducing the serum IL-1β and TNF-α levels (Guo et al. 2021).