TNF and COVID-19: Cytokines are messenger molecules of the immune system, including IL-6, IFN-α, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-a, and C-reactive protein (CRP), and as such, they are closely related to the worst outcomes of COVID-19 (McElvaney et al. 2020; Khaksarinejad et al. 2022).