Examination of Th1 cytokine responses as indicators of effective cytolytic activity against tumor cells revealed more than twofold increase in IFN-γ and TNF-α positive cells detected by intracellular cytokine staining (Fig. 2B), when CS1-dbBiTE-armed T cells were co-cultured with MM.1S targets in comparison to MM.1S-CS1KO lines. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.