VCAM1 and acute kidney injury: In a clinical study of Bothrops envenomations in Brazil, angiopoietin-1 and vascular cell adhesion protein-1 (VCAM-1) were only increased in acute kidney injury (AKI) patients whereas other biomarkers suggestive of endotheliopathy (i.e., syndecan-1, angiopoietin-2, vascular endothelial growth factor) were not significantly increased, even in AKI patients [73].