CLDN3 and inflammatory bowel disease: In this regard, Butyricicoccus, associated with higher IL-6 levels in IBD patients, showed overlapping presence between IBD patients and Cldn3KO mice.37 On the other hand, Bifidobacterium and Dubosiella which are low in Cldn3KO mice associate negatively with IL-6, STAT3, and NFkB expression.64,65 We speculate that these dysbiotic microbiota under condition of Cldn3 loss promote pro-inflammatory signaling.