Importantly, dysbiosis promotes a shift in intestinal homeostasis toward a proinflammatory environment and thus increases the expression of proinflammatory mediators and response gene expression.20,63 In this context, our analysis of the published transcriptomic data from IBD patients in relation to gut microbiome revealed STAT3, iNOS, Toll-like receptor, inflammasome, and NOD1/2 signaling pathways as upregulated pathways. Here, NOD1 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.