IFNA1 and malaria: The IFN response in the liver is the primary mediator of innate immune control of liver-stage malaria.46,47 We observed a strong upregulation of IFN signaling in P individuals, consistent with ex vivo transcriptional signatures after the second to fifth RAS-immunization.26 Our method reduced inter-individual variability observed in ex vivo transcriptional signatures and confirmed the activation of IFN signaling after RAS-immunization in P individuals.