ATM and cancer: From their study, it was determined that Snail can mediate resistance in two ways: through the repression of genes involved in the p53-mediated apoptosis pathway [ATM serine/threonine kinase (ATM), BCL2 binding component 3 (BBC3), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)], and/or through the activation of genes related to cancer stemness/pluripotency [NANOG, CLDN3, OCLN, HDAC1, transcription factor 4 (TCF4)][13].