TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The core targets obtained through PPI network analysis mainly include AKT1, TNF, GAPDH, SRC, EGFR, etc. AKT1 is one of the AKT genes, and when AKT1 is overexpressed in the heart after short-term activation, it induces reversible cardiac hypertrophy, and when activated persistently, it not only causes generalised cardiac hypertrophy but also exacerbates cardiac dysfunction44, and cardiac hypertrophy can lead to cardiac arrhythmias and, in serious cases, malignant arrhythmias.