Serum cytokine levels that are elevated in patients with COVID-19-associated cytokine storm include interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, IP-10 (Interferon gamma-induced protein 10), TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor), interferon-γ, MIP-1α and 1β (Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1 Alpha and 1 Beta) proteins, and VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) [10, 21]. Here, TNF is linked to COVID-19.