CSF2 and melanoma: In the phase III OPTiM study, which supported the approval of T-VEC, patients with unresectable stage IIIB-IVM1c melanoma who were given an intratumoral injection of T-VEC were found to have a longer survival, 5-fold increase in objective response rate and 24-fold in complete response rate as compared with those who received subcutaneous GM-CSF, and the treatment was well tolerated [42].