This intratumoral mRNA-based therapy has been in clinical development alone and in combination with durvalumab for treating patients with solid tumors, and preliminary evidence of acceptable tolerability and tumor response as well as increased proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ and TNF-α) and PD-L1 expression predominantly in tumor-associated immune cells have been obtained [38]. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.