TNF and colitis: Indeed, by studying in vivo models of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice with mutations in the Atg16l1 gene (alteration associated with Crohn’s disease), it has been demonstrated that MNV infection accelerates the development of colitis via virus-induced TNFα-dependent Paneth cell necroptosis [121,122], similar to that occurring in IL-10 KO mice, where mucosal inflammation is induced by MNVs and driven by the microbiota [123].