Similarly, other in vitro and ex vivo studies reported that stimulation with the TLR3 (poly I:C) agonist in HIV-infected macrophages [41], the TLR7 agonist in HIV-infected monocytes [42], PBMCs and human macrophages [44], the TLR7/8 agonist in HIV-infected lymphoid tissue and PBMCs [43] and the TLR9 agonist in human lymphoid tissue [45] inhibited HIV replication and infection. This evidence concerns the gene TLR9 and infection.