An increased expression of TLRs, namely TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9, is well documented during HIV infection in various cells such as PBMCs [93], monocytes [37], monocyte-derived macrophages and mDCs [56] and gut epithelium [94]. Here, TLR8 is linked to HIV infectious disease.