CASP1 and infection: Using immunoblotting-based biochemical analyses, we observed IAV-induced PANoptosis in BMDMs at both 12 and 24 h post-infection, as indicated by activation of CASP1, gasdermin D (GSDMD) and GSDME, along with CASP8, CASP3, and CASP7, as well as MLKL (Figure 2A,B).