IRF3 and leukemia: It has been demonstrated that MSA-2 can activate mouse and human STING genes, induce the phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF-3 and activate the STING signal pathway in the human leukemia monocytic cell line (THP-1 cells) and induce the expression of IFN-β, IL-1β and TNF-α via the action of TBK1 [4,15].